Prevalencia de depresión y factores asociados en adolescentes / Prevalence of depression and associated factors in adolescents

Introducción: La Organización mundial de la salud expresa que la depresión es un trastorno mental frecuente, caracterizado por aparición de tristeza, pérdida de interés o placer, sentimientos de culpa o falta de autoestima, trastornos del sueño, apetito, sensación de cansancio y falta de concentración. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de depresión y factores asociados en los adolescentes de 14 a 18 años estudiantes de la Unidad Educativa Luis Cordero en la ciudad de Azogues en el año 2019. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo analítica y transversal. La muestra fue de 262 estudiantes de 14 a 18 años en la Unidad Educativa Luis Cordero. Se aplicó una encuesta, que incluyó la escala HAD (Hospital anxiety and Depression Scale ), la información fue recolectada en formularios, se procesaron los datos utilizando el programa SPSS V.15 mediante frecuencia absoluta, porcentaje, Chi cuadrado y Odds ratio con un Intervalo de Con-fianza de 95% y valor P=0.05. Resultados: al aplicar el Cuestionario HAD se determinó una prevalencia de depresión del 25.9%. La depresión en mujeres fue de 14.1%, mientras que en hombres fue el 11.8%, residen en áreas urbanas (21.4%), no tienen padres migrantes (19.5%), su percepción de la existencia de violencia intrafamiliar (23.3%) y su percepción de bajo rendimiento académico (21%). En cuanto a la edad, no se encontró diferencias, correspondiendo cada grupo etario al 13%. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de depresión en los adolescentes es alta, los más afectados son las mujeres y los que presentan bajo rendimiento académico; sin encontrar asociación estadística entre las variables analizadas y la presencia de depresión.

Introduction: The World Health Organization has stated that depression is a very frequent mental disorder, characterized by the appearance of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or lack of self-esteem, sleep or appetite disorders, feeling tired, and having a lack of concentration. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression and associated factors in adolescents from 14 to 18 years students of the Luis Cordero High School in the city of Azogues, Cañar-Ecuador in the year 2019. Methods: An analytical and cross-sectional investigation was carried out. The sample con-sisted of 262 students aged 14 to 18 in the Luis Cordero Luis Cordero High School. A survey was applied, which included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Information was collected on forms, the data was processed using the SPSS V.15 program by absolute frequency, percentage, Chi square and odds ratio with a 95% confidence Interval and value P=0.05, which are represented in tables. Results: When applying the HADS questionnaire, students were determined to have a rate of depression of 26%. The prevalence of depression in women was 14.1%, while in men it was 11.8%. These students resided in urban areas (21.4%) and did not have migrant parents (19.5%). The existence of domestic violence was 23.3% and poor academic performance was 21%. Regarding age, no differences were found with each age group corresponding to 13%. Conclusions: The prevalence of depression in adolescents is high. The most affected are women and those with poor academic performance. However, there was no statistical association between the analyzed variables and the presence of depression.

Hallazgos en colposcopia. Experiencia en una unidad de referencia / Findings in colposcopy. Experience in a reference unit

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir los desenlaces colposcópicos de pacientes con alteraciones citológicas atendidas en una institución colombiana. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, trasversal y retrospectivo al que se incluyeron pacientes a quienes se tomó una colposcopia, indicada por reporte anormal en la citología (2012-2106). La muestra se seleccionó a partir de un muestreo aleatorio, estratificado por grupos etarios. Se establecieron las frecuencias de las alteraciones colposcópicas y de los reportes histológicos. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 372 pacientes. La principal indicación de la colposcopia fue el reporte de atipia de células escamosas de significado indeterminado (70.6%), seguido por lesiones intraepiteliales de bajo grado (16.9%) y pólipos endocervicales (2.9%). La colposcopia fue negativa en 32% de los casos, positiva en 31% y con inflamación en 21%. El resto de los casos correspondió a atrofia o pólipos. De las colposcopias positivas, el principal reporte fue de cambios menores o grado 1; sobre todo en las pacientes de 15 a 24 años. De las pacientes con biopsia se reportó un caso de adenocarcinoma (3.1%) y otro de carcinoma in situ (3.1%) en el mismo grupo etario. CONCLUSIÓN: La colposcopia identificó lesiones de alto y bajo grado clínicamente no significativas. La colposcopia es una herramienta decisiva para el diagnóstico de lesiones premalignas del cuello uterino.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study describes the colposcopic results of patients with cytological alterations in a Colombian institution. MATERIALS AND METHODOS: Observational Cross-sectional study based on retrospective data. Patients who underwent colposcopy due to abnormal cytologies during 2012-2106 were included. A stratified random sampling was carried out by age groups. The frequencies of colposcopic alterations and histological results were established. RESULTS: 372 patients were selected. The main indication for colposcopy was the ASCUS report (70.6%), followed by LSIL (16.9%) and endocervical polyps (2.9%). Colposcopy was negative in 32% of the cases, positive in 31% and inflammation in 21%. The rest of cases corresponded to varied findings such as atrophy or polyps. Of the positive colposcopies the main report was minor changes or grade 1; especially in patients between 15-24 years. Of the patients with a biopsy, one case of adenocarcinoma (3.1%) and another of carcinoma in situ (3.1%) were reported in the same age group. CONCLUSIONS: The realization of colposcopy identified the high-grade lesions in this population, but also detected clinically insignificant low-grade lesions. Colposcopy is a key tool for the diagnosis of premalignant lesions of the cervix.

IL-22 dampens the T cell response in experimental malaria.

A tight regulation between the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses during plasmodial infection is of crucial importance, since a disruption leads to severe malaria pathology. IL-22 is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family, which is known to be highly important in immune regulation. We could detect high plasma levels of IL-22 in Plasmodium falciparum malaria as well as in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-infected C57BL/6J mice. The deficiency of IL-22 in mice during PbA infection led to an earlier occurrence of cerebral malaria but is associated with a lower parasitemia compared to wt mice. Furthermore, at an early time point of infection T cells from PbA-infected Il22(-/-) mice showed an enhanced IFNγ but a diminished IL-17 production. Moreover, dendritic cells from Il22(-/-) mice expressed a higher amount of the costimulatory ligand CD86 upon infection. This finding can be corroborated in vitro since bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Il22(-/-) mice are better inducers of an antigen-specific IFNγ response by CD8(+) T cells. Even though there is no IL-22 receptor complex known on hematopoietic cells, our data suggest a link between IL-22 and the adaptive immune system which is currently not identified.